Data is the central input of the digital economy, particularly in online display advertising where access to large datasets shapes market power and innovation. This article argues that Section 16 of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 gives the executive unchecked authority to restrict cross-border data transfers, potentially creating a geoblocked ecosystem that distorts competition and entrenches incumbent advantages in India’s digital markets.

I. Introduction Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) enable seamless parallel processing of complex workloads and have today become the essential engine for everything from 3D rendering to deep learning. GPU Computing is a service that provides powerful GPU resources in the cloud. This allows businesses and developers to rent GPU power on demand instead of purchasing or managing expensive physical GPU units. The GPU compute market has now become the backbone of the global tech ec

Introduction As Margrethe Vestager remarked, “Access to data gives you power. Without access, you’re out of the market.” In today’s digital economy, the ability to compete increasingly depends not on price or product, but on the terms of access to data and digital infrastructure. In this environment, the Essential Facilities Doctrine (“ EFD ”) is increasingly discussed as a way to constrain dominant platforms that refuse access to critical infrastructure. The Essential Facili